|
In phonology, a chain shift is a phenomenon in which several sounds move stepwise along a phonetic scale. The sounds involved in a chain shift can be ordered into a "chain" in such a way that, after the change is complete, each phoneme ends up sounding like what the phoneme before it in the chain sounded like ''before'' the change. The rules making up a chain shift are said to be in ''counterfeeding order''. For example, if in some language the three vowel phonemes undergo a change so they became respectively , those three changes would constitute a chain shift and could be summarized as : → → → A drag chain or pull chain is a chain shift in which the phoneme at the "leading" edge of the chain changes first. In this example, the chain shift would be a pull chain if changed to first, opening up a space at the position of which then moved to fill. A push chain is a chain shift in which the phoneme at the "end" of the chain moves first: in this example, if moved toward , creating a "crowding" effect and causing to move toward , and so forth. ==Diachronic shifts== A well-known chain shift in the history of English is the Great Vowel Shift of the 15th century, which can be summarized as follows: : ( →) → → (→ ) → and ( →) → → (→ ) → A chain shift may affect only one regional dialect of a language, or it may begin in a particular regional dialect and then expand beyond the region in which it originated. A number of recent regional chain shifts have occurred in English. Perhaps the most well-known is the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, which is largely confined to the "Inland North" region of the United States. Other examples in North America are the California vowel shift, Southern vowel shift (in the Southern United States) and the Canadian Shift. In England, the Cockney vowel shift among working-class Londoners is familiar from its prominence in plays such as George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion (and the related musical My Fair Lady): : → → → → Many chain shifts are vowel shifts, because many sets of vowels are naturally arranged on a multi-value scale (e.g. vowel height or frontness). However, chain shifts can also occur in consonants. A famous example of such a shift is the well-known First Germanic Sound Shift or Grimm's Law, in which the Proto-Indo-European voiceless stop consonants became fricatives, the plain voiced stops became voiceless, and the breathy voiced stops became plain voiced: : → → → : → → → : → → → Another is the High German consonant shift which separated Old High German from other West Germanic dialects such as Old English, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon: : → → : ( →) → : ( →) → The Romance languages to the north and west of central Italy (e.g. French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan and various northern Italian languages) are known for a set of chain shifts collectively termed ''lenition'', which affected stop consonants between vowels: : → → → : → → → (or vanishes) : → → → (or vanishes) In this case, each sound became weaker (or more "lenited"). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chain shift」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|